For the dietary management of patients with or at risk of malnutrition with impaired glucose metabolism such as in impaired glucose tolerance, stress-induced hyperglycaemia, diabetes mellitus.
Available in 500 ml EasyBag.

• Energy: 1.05 kcal/mL - 525 kcal per 500mL bag
• Protein: 22.5g per 500mL bag
• With fibre
• With clinical evidence from multicentre trial demonstrating positive long-term effects on nutritional parameters^1,2 relevant for the target group
• Modified carbohydrate profile: With low glycaemic index for improved glycaemic control^3,4
• Adapted fat profile:
  High in MUFA contributes to improve glycaemic control^5-7 and insulin sensitivity^8-10
  With fish oil according to recommendation for cardiovascular diseases* as XY% of diabetic patients have additional cardiovascular problems**
• Increased chromium helps to improve insulin sensitivity¹⁴

References:

1)  Pohl M, Mayr P, Mertl-Roetzer M, et al. Glycaemic control in type II diabetic tube-fed patients with a new enteral formula low in carbohydrates and high in monounsaturated fatty acids: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(11):1221-1232.
2) Pohl M, Mayr P, Mertl-Roetzer M, et al. Glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with a disease-specific enteral formula: stage II of a randomized, controlled multicenter trial. JPEN. 2009;33(1):37–49.
3) Thomas DE & Elliott EJ. The use of low-glycaemic index diets in diabetes control. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(6):797-802.
4)  Barazzoni R, Deutz NE, Biolo G, et al. Carbohydrates and insulin resistance in clinical nutrition: Recommendations from the ESPEN expert group. Clin. Nutr. 2017;36(2): 355-363.
5) Pohl M, Mayr P, Mertl-Roetzer M, et al. Glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with a disease-specific enteral formula: stage II of a randomized, controlled multicenter trial. JPEN. 2009;33(1):37–49.
6) Lochs H, Allison SP, Meier R, et al. Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral nutrition: terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):180–186.
7) Qian F, Korat AA, Malik V,et al. Metabolic effects of monounsaturated fatty acid–enriched diets compared with carbohydrate or polyunsaturated fatty acid–enriched diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(8):1448–1457.
8) Paniagua JA, De La Sacristana AG, Romero I, et al. Monounsaturated fat–rich diet prevents central body fat distribution and decreases postprandial adiponectin expression induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(7):1717-1723.
9)  Brehm BJ, Lattin BL, Summer SS, et al. One-year comparison of a high–monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes.  Diabetes Care. 2009;32(2):215–220.
10) Gadgil MD, Appel LJ, Yeung E, et al. The Effects of Carbohydrate, Unsaturated Fat, and Protein Intake on Measures of Insulin Sensitivity. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(5):1132-1137.
11) Kris-Etherton PM, Grieger JA, Etherton TD. Dietary reference intakes for DHA and EPA. Prostaglandins,  Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2009;81(2-3):99-104.
12) International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids (ISSFAL): Recommendations for Dietary Intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Healthy Adults. Report June 2004.
13) Lee JH, O'keefe JH, Lavie CJ, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for cardioprotection. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(3):324-332
14) Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Yuwanakorn A. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the efficacy and safety of chromium supplementation in diabetes. J. Clin Pharm Ther 2014;39(3):292-306.

For the dietary management of patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular with acute and chronic liver failure or with risk of hepatic encephalopathy.

Available in 500 ml EasyBag.

• Moderate energy: 1.3 kcal/mL - 650kcal per 500mL bag

• Protein: 20g per bag

• Adapted protein: With 44% branched chain amino acids to improve nutritional status and to counteract the metabolic disturbance related to hepatic encephalopathy^1-4

• Low in volume and sodium content according to recommendations⁵ for patients with ascites and oedema⁶

• With MCT (35% of fat) for easy absortion⁷

• With fibre to maintain gut physiology⁸

References:

1) Plauth M, Cabre E, Riggio O, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: liver disease. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):285-294.
2) Amodio P, Bemeur C, Butterworth R, et al. The Nutritional Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients With Cirrhosis: International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism Consensus. Hepatology. 2013;58(1):325-336.
3) Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, et al. Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Library. 2007. CD001939
4) Kawaguchi T, Taniguchi E, Sata M. Effects of oral branched-chain amino acids on hepatic encephalopathy and outcome in patients with liver cirrhosis. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2013;28(5)580–588.
5) Ginés P, Angeli P, Lenz K, et al. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(3):397-417.
6) Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology. 2009;49(6):2087-2107.
7) Babayan VK. Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids. Lipids. 1987;22(6):417-420.
8) Lochs H, Allison SP, Meier R, et al. Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):180-186.

Peptide based tube feed with 52% of fat content as MCT oil for the dietary management of patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular those with malabsorption.
Available in 500 ml EasyBag

• Energy: 1.0 kcal/mL - 500 kcal per bag
• Protein: 22.5g per bag
• 18 energy% hydrolysed whey protein for easy absorbtion¹
• Modified fat profile: High in MCT and with fish oil
• Fibre-free for those who cannot tolerate fibre

Reference:

1) Alexander DD, Bylsma LC, Elkayam L, et al. Nutritional and health benefits of semi-elemental diets: A comprehensive summary of the literature. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2016;7(2):306-319.

For patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular those with cancer, chronic catabolic disease or cachexia.
Available in 500 ml EasyBag.

• High energy: 1.5 kcal/mL - 750 kcal per 500mL bag

• High protein: 50g protein per 500mL bag

• With fibre

• 27 energy% protein to compensate for an increased protein turnover and help to counteract loss of muscle mass¹

• High in fat (40 en%), carbohydrate-level (31 en%) adapted for cancer patients with insulin resistance

• High in EPA from fish oil (2g per bag) according to recommendations for patients with weight and muscle loss^2-4 and suppressed immune function^2,5

References:

1) Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr. 2016;36(1):11-48
2) Sánchez-Lara K, Turcott JG, Juárez-Hernández E, et al. Effects of an oral nutritional supplement containing eicosapentaenoic acid on nutritional and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: randomised trial. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(6):1017-1023.
3) van der Meij BS, Langius JA, Smit EF, et al. Oral nutritional supplements containing (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the nutritional status of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer during multimodality treatment.  J. Nutr. 2010;140(10):1774-1780.
4) Murphy RA, Mourtzakis M, Chu QS, et al. Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cancer. 2011;117(8):1775-1782.
5) Silva JD, Trindade EB, Fabre ME, et al. Fish oil supplement alters markers of inflammatory and nutritional status in colorectal cancer patients. Nutrition and cancer. 2012;64(2):267-273.

For paediatric patients (1-12 years) with increased energy needs and conditions such as failure to thrive, neurological impairment, physical disablement, trauma / surgery, Gastro intestinal disorder, e.g. Crohn's disease, chronic wasting disease, e.g. cancer. Available in 500 ml EasyBag.

• High energy: 1.5 kcal/mL - 750 kcal per bag

• Protein: 19g per bag

• With high quality complete milk protein for a balanced amino acid provision and catch up growth and / or disease specific higher demands

• Adapted fat profile: With 8 energy% MCT for easy absorption

• Balanced composition of DHA and EPA from fish oil
  - EPA helps to support immune functions
  - DHA essential for the retina and brain development – which continues during childhood^1-3

• With fibre to maintain gut physiology⁴

• For complete nutrition adapted to paediatric patient needs - meaning with all macro- and micronutrients according to legal requirements

References:

1) Ryan AS et al.: Prostaglandines,Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 2010; 82: 305-14.
2) Innis SM: J. Nutr. 2007; 137: 855-9.
3) Richardson A J et al.: PLOS ONE Sept 2012; 7(9), e43909.
4) Lochs H, Allison SP, Meier R,  et al. Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):180-186.

For paediatric patients (1-12 years) with increased energy needs and conditions such as failure to thrive, neurological impairment, physical disablement, trauma / surgery, gastro intestinal disorder, e.g. Crohn's disease, chronic wasting disease, e.g. cancer.

Available in 500 ml EasyBag.

• High energy: 1.5 kcal/mL - 750 kcal per 500mL bag
• Protein: 19g per 500mL bag
• With high quality complete milk protein for a balanced amino acid provision and catch up growth and / or disease specific higher demands
• Adapted fat profile: with 8 energy% MCT for easy absorption
• Balanced composition of DHA and EPA from fish oil
  - EPA helps to support immune functions
  - DHA essential for the retina and brain development – which continues during childhood^1-3
• Fibre free for patients who cannot tolerate fibre
• For complete nutrition adapted to paediatric patient needs - meaning with all macro- and micronutrients according to legal requirements

References:

1) Ryan AS et al.: Prostaglandines,Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 2010; 82: 305-14.
2) Innis SM: J. Nutr. 2007; 137: 855-9.
3) Richardson A J et al.: PLOS ONE Sept 2012; 7(9), e43909.

For patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular with increased energy needs and/or fluid restrictions.
Long term tube feeding for normal metabolism (1-1.2 g protein / kg BW).

Available in 1000mL EasyBag.

• High energy: 1.5 kcal/mL - 1500 kcal per bag
• Protein: 56g per bag
• With high quality protein for a balanced amino acid provision¹
• Fibre free for patients who cannot tolerate fibre
• With fish oil
• With 20 µg Vitamin D per RDD according to latest nutritional recommendations for persons without endogeneous synthesis such as immobile patients^2-4

References:

1) World Health Organization. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. WHO technical report series. 2007;935.
2) Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151-1154.
3) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Integrating nutrition and physical activity.5th edition. 2012
4) D-A-C-H: Referenzwerte Für Die Nahrstoffzufuhr; 2018.

For paediatric patients (1-12 years) with conditions such as failure to thrive, neurological impairment, physical disablement, trauma / surgery, gastro intestinal disorder, e.g. Crohn's disease, chronic wasting disease, e.g. cancer.

Available in 500 ml EasyBag.

• Energy: 1.0 kcal/mL - 500 kcal per bag
• Protein: 12.5g per bag
• With high quality complete milk protein for a balanced amino acid provision and catch up growth and / or disease specific higher demands
• Adapted fat profile: with 8 energy% MCT for easy absorption
• Balanced composition of DHA and EPA from fish oil
  - EPA helps to support immune functions
  - DHA essential for the retina and brain development – which continues during childhood^1-3
• With fibre to maintain gut physiology⁴
• For complete nutrition adapted to paediatric patient needs - meaning with all macro- and micronutrients according to legal requirements

References:

1) Ryan AS et al.: Prostaglandines,Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 2010; 82: 305-14.
2) Innis SM: J. Nutr. 2007; 137: 855-9.
3) Richardson A J et al.: PLOS ONE Sept 2012; 7(9), e43909.
4) Lochs H, Allison SP, Meier R,  et al. Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):180-186.

Starter tube feed to build up a nutrition regime and for patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular with lower energy needs. Design to meet the nutritional needs of patients with a normal metabolism, protein need 0.8 g / kg BW.

Available in 1000mL EasyBag.

• Energy: 1.0 kcal/mL - 1000 kcal per bag
• Protein: 38g per bag
• With high quality protein for a balanced amino acid provision¹
• With fibre to maintain gut physiology²
• With fish oil
• With 20 µg Vitamin D per RDD according to latest nutritional recommendations for persons without endogeneous synthesis like immobile patients^3-5

References:

1) World Health Organization. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. WHO technical report series. 2007;935.
2) Lochs H, Allison SP, Meier R,  et al. Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:180-186.
3) Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151-1154.
4) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Integrating nutrition and physical activity.5th edition. 2012
5) D-A-C-H: Referenzwerte Für Die Nahrstoffzufuhr; 2018.

For paediatric patients (1-12 years) with conditions such as failure to thrive, neurological impairment, physical disablement, trauma / surgery, gastro intestinal disorder, e.g. Crohn's disease, chronic wasting disease, e.g. cancer.

Available in 500 ml EasyBag.

• Energy: 1.0 kcal/mL - 500 kcal per bag
• Protein: 12.5g per bag
• With high quality complete milk protein for a balanced amino acid provision and catch up growth and / or disease specific higher demands
• Adapted fat Profile: With 8 energy% MCT for easy absorption
• Balanced composition of DHA and EPA from fish oil
  - EPA helps to support immune functions
  - DHA essential for the retina and brain development – which continues during childhood^1-3
• Fibre free for patients who cannot tolerate fibre
• For complete nutrition adapted to paediatric patient needs - meaning with all macro- and micronutrients according to legal requirements

References:

1) Ryan AS et al.: Prostaglandines,Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 2010; 82: 305-14.
2) Innis SM: J. Nutr. 2007; 137: 855-9.
3) Richardson A J et al.: PLOS ONE Sept 2012; 7(9), e43909.

Starter tube feed to build up a nutrition regime and for patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular with lower energy needs. Design to meet the nutritional needs of patients with a normal metabolism, protein need 0.8 g / kg BW.

Available in 1000mL EasyBag.

• Energy: 1.0 kcal/mL - 1000 kcal per bag
• Protein: 38g per bag
• With high quality protein for a balanced amino acid provision¹
• Fibre free for patients who cannot tolerate fibre
• With fish oil
• With 20 µg Vitamin D per RDD according to latest nutritional recommendations for persons without endogeneous synthesis like immobile patients^2-4

References:

1) World Health Organization. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. WHO technical report series. 2007;935.
2) Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151-1154.
3) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Integrating nutrition and physical activity.5th edition. 2012
4) D-A-C-H: Referenzwerte Für Die Nahrstoffzufuhr; 2018.

Nutritonally complete in one bag. Only one connection per day for optimized patient care!

For patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular with increased protein and moderate or low energy needs.

Available in 1000 ml EasyBag.

• Energy: 1.2 kcal/mL - 1200 kcal per bag
• High protein: 60g per bag
• High-quality protein to promote maintenance of metabolically active muscle and to support increasing lean body mass¹
• With fibre to maintain gut physiology²
• With fish oil
• With 20 µg Vitamin D per RDD according to latest nutritional recommendations for persons without endogeneous synthesis like immobile patients^3-5

References:

1) McGregor RA, Poppitt SD. Milk protein for improved metabolic health: a review of the evidence. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013;10(1):46.
2) Lochs H, Allison SP, Meier R,  et al. Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:180-186.
3) Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151-1154.
4) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Integrating nutrition and physical activity.5th edition. 2012
5) D-A-C-H: Referenzwerte Für Die Nahrstoffzufuhr; 2018.

For patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular with increased energy and protein needs and/or fluid restriction and low volume tolerance.
Quick to meet nutrition targets in the lowest volume. For periods of increased energy and protein needs (>1.2 g protein /kg BW).

Available in 500 ml EasyBag.

• High energy: 2 kcal/mL - 1000 kcal per bag (2000 kcal per litre)
• High protein: 50g per bag (100g per litre)
• High-quality protein to promote maintenance of metabolically active muscle and to support increasing lean body mass¹
• With fish oil
• With 20 µg Vitamin D per RDD according to latest nutritional recommendations for persons without endogeneous synthesis like immobile patients^2-4
• Fibre-free

References:

1) McGregor RA, Poppitt SD. Milk protein for improved metabolic health: a review of the evidence. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013;10(1):46.
2) Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151-1154.
3) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Integrating nutrition and physical activity.5th edition. 2012
4) D-A-C-H: Referenzwerte Für Die Nahrstoffzufuhr; 2018.

For patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular with increased energy and protein needs and/or fluid restrictions or fat malabsorption. Meets nutritional targets of catabolic patients (> 1.2 g protein / kg BW). 

Available in 1000 ml EasyBag.

• High energy: 1.5 kcal/mL - 1500 kcal per bag
• High protein: 75g protein per bag
• Easily digested and well tolerated due to adapted fat blend: high MCT
• 57% of fat is MCT for easy absorption¹
• High-quality protein to promote maintenance of metabolically active muscle and to support increasing lean body mass²
• With fibre
• With fish oil
• With 20 µg Vitamin D per RDD according to latest nutritional recommendations for persons without endogeneous synthesis like immobile patients^3-5

References:

1) Babayan VK. Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids. Lipids. 1987;6(7):417-420.
2) McGregor RA, Poppitt SD. Milk protein for improved metabolic health: a review of the evidence. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013;10(1):46.
3) Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151-1154.
4) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Integrating nutrition and physical activity.5th edition. 2012
5) D-A-C-H: Referenzwerte Für Die Nahrstoffzufuhr; 2018.

For patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular with increased energy and protein needs and/or fluid restrictions or fat malabsorption. Meets nutritional targets of catabolic patients (> 1.2 g protein / kg BW). Low viscosity for easy application.

Available in 1000 ml EasyBag.

• High energy: 1.5 kcal/mL - 1500 kcal per bag
• High protein: 75g protein per bag
• Easily digested and well tolerated due to adapted fat blend: high MCT
• 57 % of fat is MCT for easy absorption¹
• High-quality protein to promote maintenance of metabolically active muscle and to support increasing lean body mass²
• With fish oil
• With 20 µg Vitamin D per RDD according to latest nutritional recommendations for persons without endogeneous synthesis like immobile patients^3-5
• Fibre-free

References:

1) Babayan VK. Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids. Lipids. 1987;6(7):417-420.
2) McGregor RA, Poppitt SD. Milk protein for improved metabolic health: a review of the evidence. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013;10(1):46.
3) Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151-1154.
4) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Integrating nutrition and physical activity.5th edition. 2012
5) D-A-C-H: Referenzwerte Für Die Nahrstoffzufuhr; 2018.

For patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular with increased energy needs and/or fluid restrictions.

Available in 1000mL EasyBag.

• High energy: 1.5 kcal/mL - 1500 kcal per bag
• Protein: 56g per bag
• With high quality protein for a balanced amino acid provision¹
• With fibre to maintain gut physiology²
• With fish oil
• With 20 µg Vitamin D per RDD according to latest nutritional recommendations for persons without endogeneous synthesis like immobile patients^3-5

References:

1) World Health Organization. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. WHO technical report series. 2007;935.
2) Lochs H, Allison SP, Meier R,  et al. Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:180-186.
3) Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151-1154.
4) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations: Integrating nutrition and physical activity.5th edition. 2012
5) D-A-C-H: Referenzwerte Für Die Nahrstoffzufuhr; 2018.

High protein early enteral nutrition to meet the needs of critically ill patients^1,2. Fresubin Intensive is designed for the dietary management of patients with or at risk of malnutrition, in particular critically ill patients including trauma, surgery, sepsis or burns. Fresubin Intensive is a 1.2 kcal/mL tube feed with high biological value protein (10 g/100 mL) rich in essential and branched chain amino acids to help preserve lean body mass and reduce catabolism³.

Available in 500 ml EasyBag.

• Moderate energy: 1.2 kcal/mL - 600 kcal per bag
• High protein: 50g protein per bag (100g per Litre)
• 100% whey protein hydrolysate, low in fat with MCT* for improved digestion, absorption and gastro-intestinal tolerance^4,5
• Modified carbohydrate profile with low glycaemic index to improve glycaemic control and to minimise blood glucose fluctuations^6,7
• 3g/day of EPA** and DHA*** from fish oil and antioxidants to induce immune-enhancing effects8 and to meet the stress-induced elevated needs of critically ill patients^8,9
• With fish oil
• With fibre 

References

1) Singer P et al. Pragmatic approach to nutrition in the ICU: expert opinion regarding which calorie protein target. Clin Nutr 2014;33(2):246–251.

2) Taylor S et al. Critical care: Meeting protein requirements without overfeeding energy. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2016;11:e55–e62.

3) De Bandt JP, Cynober L. Therapeutic use of branched chain amino acids in burn, trauma and sepsis. J Nutr 2006;136:308S–313S.

4) Bauer J et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14(8):542–559.

5) Koopman R et al. Ingestion of a protein hydrolysate is accompanied by an accelerated in vivo digestion and absorption rate when compared with its intact protein. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(1): 106–115.

6) Hsu CW. Glycemic control in critically ill patients. World J Crit Care Med 2012;1(1):31–39.

7) Vaquenzo-Alonso C et al. Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically ill patient. Update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. Nutr Hosp 2011;26(Suppl. 2):46–49.

8) Hegazi RA, Wischmeyer PE. Clinical review: Optimizing enteral nutrition for critically ill patients – a simple data-driven formula. Crit Care. 2011;15(6):234.

9) McClave SA et al. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33: 277–316.